Tania Caldwell  

URB 200 

December 16, 2021       

   The housing market in New York City has been historically challenging for low-income people of color. First, the segregation system displaced many low-income families of color by creating housing in urban spaces in neighborhoods that are more likely to end in neighborhoods with limited social services resources. But today, gentrified areas are used as a strategy is used contributes to the displacement of families that cannot afford to pay for their housing. I will argue in this essay how decades of housing segregation and today gentrification, is using to situated low-income community (Most of them, community of color), in neighborhood where poverty and the lack social services negatively impact them.  To expand this argument, first,  I will use the article “Systemic Inequality: Displacement, exclusion, and Segregation” by Abril Castro, Connor Maxwell, and Danyelle Solomon, and the article “What Happened to the People? Gentrification and Racial Segregation in Brooklyn” by Themis Chronopoulos. Then, I will use the article “Housing Policy in New York City: A Brief History” by the Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy, and “Gentrification in Brooklyn to Move a Neighborhood Forces Residents” by Vivian Yee, which will explain how gentrification is taking over today in some neighborhood of New York City, and  the article “Brownville Primed For Gentrification Map Shows¨by Katheen Culliton. In my perspective, the housing segregation system had shown for decades the inherently racism that existed in some institutions that denied low-income people of color to live in a good environment, where all can share social services, and an equally place to live. Although housing segregation is not part of the society, gentrification still development the same practice landlords are making from segregation a comparable way to keep low-income families outside of middle-class neighborhood. 

For decades, the federal government’s action to urbanize cities has contributed to the displacement of low-income people.  After the Great Depression in the 1930s, The Roosevelt administration passed the Homeowners Loan Act and National Housing Act to distribute affordable housing to Americans (Castro, Maxwell & Solomon,2019). The public housing system had been part of the lack of federal distribution of affordable housing in white neighborhoods, with discriminatory policies. The public housing system was part of the discriminatory policies against the African American community. Since the early 20th century, the federal government has expanded resources to construct suburban spaces, where only white people were welcome, living communities of colors displaced in condensed public housing in the urban areas (Castro, Maxwell & Solomon, 2019). Robert Moses, best known for being the designer of the urbanization system in New York City during the mid- 1900s, contributed to the displacement of a community of color in the metropolitan area and segregation in New York City. On his plan sponsored by the federal government, Moses built a city plan to remove African Americans and Latinos from Manhattan and created a public housing system in Brownville, Brooklyn, to segregate people of color in the same community (Chronopoulos, 2020). Because more people of color were low-income families, the city tried to place where they could afford to live, but the purpose of these displacements was to keep them in the same place.  

New York City had faced many housings crises throughout the year. In 1985 during the mayor Koch administration, when homelessness and housing crisis were visible, the government had the pressure to reduce the problem (Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy). As a solution to this crisis, the city created housing units to make it more affordable for all the people. The plan helped construct new apartments and renew other housing units, affordable for the middle class and low-income people. The main goal for this “Ten Year Plan” was to address the housing shortage resulting from the housing crisis and make affordable housing for all base income New Yorkers (Furman Center for Real Estates and Urban Policy). The plan was successful not only to make up for the housing shortage but also to integrate communities. Today in New York, the housing market is living through a new crisis because many affordable neighborhoods to low-income people have been gentrified for middle-class people (Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Polic).  As a result of gentrification, data shows that because low-income families could not live more in those neighborhoods. In other words, they are forced to live in prevalent poverty concentrated housing. Compared with middle-class residents, they are placed in single-family units (Goldenberg,2018). In other words, since the 1970s, the city has been active in building more units for a diverse unit of family to make it more affordable for people. However, the housing prices could separate mixed-income families in the same neighborhood.   

Gentrification is creating a new way to push low-income people of color from New York City neighborhoods, making housing less affordable. Although The moving of middle class and high-income people to low-income neighborhoods might be beneficial because it could bring social services tax form to communities. The coming of the white middle class to a mixed-income neighborhood could make rent most expensive, and as a result, it would prevent low-income people from continuing paying for affordable housing. In other words, the gentrification method could exacerbate the existing affordable housing market and exclude existing residents from the benefits that gentrification could have. One example is Brownville, an existing African American community, one of the neighborhoods that had been segregated for decades but today is at risk of being gentrified. The neighborhood that was classified a black community as “Hazardous,” and that in the 1940s, white people left because housing was devaluated, and investors avoided investing in those areas (Chronopolos, 2019). Today, gentrification is putting in risk the years of affordable housing that black people have in this community; a study said, “The study, using U.S. Census Bureau tract data to identify more than 1,000 gentrified neighborhoods across the country, found six Brownsville regions where housing prices have increased, in some places nearly doubling, while annual incomes increased by just about $5,000” (Culliton, 2019). The problem of gentrification is that the people who lived in the area cannot afford to live in the neighborhood, but they also end up being displaced in high concentration poor neighborhoods.   

New coming residents could contribute to a change in the economic and social resources. However, it could also be disadvantaged because most new residents in gentrified areas are more likely to be high income than the old residents. For example, we have a place such as Bronwville that has been the home for a large number of African Americans, most of them living in the neighborhood for decades with low prices in their housing. If the area is entirely gentrification, the landlords will increase the rent, and low-income families will be forced to leave the place that has been their community for decades (Yee,2015) Today, gentrification is still increasing in New York City areas. New residents are coming to those areas. The rent starts to increase, landlords push old tenants to move by, not repairing the unit, hoping that old tenants get tired of living in a deteriorate place (Yee, 2015). In addition, those new strategies to keep neighborhoods white middle-class communities, property owners are pushing low-income people to the neighborhood where they can afford to live. A study shows that many of those families who have to live community because it has been generated end with living in multiple family members families, and sometimes they can even afford to go for a who unit apartment because of the high price of housing in the same neighbor (Yee,2015). The worth part about a place that has been gentrified is that a place that might have been waiting for decades to change and received more resources might see the change, but after they are pushed out of those neighborhoods.   

To conclude, the housing market is still affecting low-income families. In the past, housing segregation was the way to move people of color from the white neighborhood; today, gentrification promises to continue to displace low-income residents. Presently, gentrification is taking the lead; it contributes to the displacement of families that cannot afford to pay for their housing. This essay will argue how, in the present, unfair housing practices for low-income families are still playing a role in housing inequity in New York City. As discussed in the previous paragraph, low-income communities might be waiting for a change in the neighborhood they live in for many years, but those changes come with high rents, pushing them to live outside of the place they lived for many years. In some way, the solution might not only be to displace them in a place where they can afford it but should be beneficial to make housing more affordable, where they live, and make New York City neighborhood more diverse for all.  Many of those neighborhoods that were part of generations of people of color, start to change, and most of those old residents would be able to be enjoy of those benefits. Fresh food markets, more funds for schools, and better housing conditions.  

https://gentrifiednyc.github.io/gentrification%20code.html

                                                 REFERENCES 

Chronopoulos, T. “What’s Happened to the People?” Gentrification and Racial Segregation in Brooklyn.  

Culliton, Kathleen. “Brownsville Primed For Gentrification Map Shows”. 2019 https://patch.com/new-york/brownsville/brownsville-primed-gentrification-new-map-shows 

The Furman Center for Real Estate and Urban Policy. “Housing Policy in New York City: A Brief History”.   

 Yee,Vivian. Gentrification in Brooklyn To Move a Neighborhood Forces Residents.https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/29/nyregion/gentrification-in-a-brooklyn-neighborhood-forces-residents-to-move-on.html?smid=url-share 

Tania Caldwell  

URB 200  

December 02, 2021  

                                                      

Since the pandemic of Covid 19 started, one of the main concerns for many low-income families has been food. By the time the school closed for many months, it was more complicated for kids to have three meals a day than they had in school. In the article “Want to Fight Rising Food Insecurity?” Sara Bowen, Annie Hudson Moody interviewed 120 families whose members shared their experience with the lack of food before and during the pandemic. According to Bowen and Moody, “One out of every nine U.S. families was facing food insecurity before the COVID-10 crisis began; given steep the rise in unemployment rates, that number is sure to climb”. Food access in the United States is hard for low-income and poor families. In rural areas, transportation could be a problem for food shopping; many families do not have access to supermarkets close by. The lack of government support for enough food makes it hard for families to have proper meals every day in urban areas. In the case of undocumented immigrants, fear has been one of the main reasons they have food insecurity. For Immigrants, the fear of applying for food stamps or any food program support may lead to deportation. Food justice had not only been denied in some way to low-income families, but the government had also played a role in the distribution of social programs to support families with their food access. Bowen and Moody emphasize that although some families might receive food programs, sometimes it is not enough to feed their families, and as a result, they can run out of food. In the United States, families might have access to food programs, but it does not guarantee that they have access to enough food and fresh food.  

In the conversation “The Radical Origins of Food Justice Movement,” Erica Hughes, a member of the Black Panther Party and activist, explains how during the 1970s, the Black Panther Party created funds to feed communities, something that the government denied to black and Latinos communities during this period. Ericka pointed out that by asking parents what they eat, the Black Panther Party created free food programs and distributed bags of food to low-income families. In the conversation, one of the speakers, Devita Davison, talked about her experience reading the book “The Philadelphia Negro” by Du Bois; in her perspective, history has not been disconnected from the present; people of color have been the most disadvantaged. In a wealthy nation such as the United States, families still faced hunger and a lack of government aid with having enough food in their homes.  

It is impossible to think that in  a wealthy nation like the United States, is many families do not have access to proper nutrition. Although there are a lot of institutions that might support families, the government needs to try to distribute enough food to families. Food programs such as SNAP or WIC might support families, but it could not be enough for low-income families, and not everybody is eligible for this program. There are a few solutions that could help families to have more access to proper food. A community garden could be a solution so that families can access fresh food in their communities. Another solution should be government funds to institutions for food distribution, as Ericka said, by getting close to communities, asking the families what they would like to see more in their refrigerator, and creating a program to teach communities how to cook their meals. Hunger could be reduced or eliminated in the United States. However, I think the distribution matters; the government needs to ensure that those funds are appropriately distributed to communities and put those funds to institutions with close contact with the people. 

                    References  

The Radical Origins of Free Breakfast and the Food Justice Movement 

Sarah Bowen, Annie Hardson-Moody, and Sinikka Elliott. 2020.”Want to Fight Rising Food Insecurity? Listen to People Who’ve Been Hungry.” Civil Eats. 

Tania Caldwell  

Urban 200 

November 18, 2021 

                                             

In the interview “Democratizing NYC’s Gifted and Talented Education: The Color Lines of Brilliance”, Kaliris Salas-Ramirez explains how the ambitious standardized tests have negative impact African American and Latinos communities. According to the podcast the test had been in most southern schools, created in the 1970s to approve that white kids’ students were smarter, leaving African American, the students with higher perform had the access to because most of them still have better resources such as tutoring, resources in the schools, support. According to Salas-Ramirez, the Gifted and Talent tests are responsible for school segregation in New York City, the kids that earn high scores are more likely to be   placed in school with better resources. Today, Asian-Americans are more involved and better effects  cores in the Gift and Talented tests and faced, followed by whites’ kids, and African American and Latinos kids have less chance of getting placed in a high performing school. In New York, after many years on his administration, Mayor De Blasio had decided to eliminate the Gifted and Talented test, which would be replaced to reinforce kinder garden kids and end with decades of school segregation. 

The education gap not only impacts children at an early age but also in higher education. High education has been beneficial for American students, specifically African Americans and other non-white college students. But college debts hold a lot of students back when they finish college. The Interview “The life Altering Differences Between White and Black” Tressie McMillan Cotton interviewed Louise Seamster who emphasizes that because the federal government oversees most student loans, the government also can   eliminate student debt, and make high education free. A free and accessible higher education would not only help to reduce the gap between medium income and low income, but also would help more young people to contribute with their work to society. Louise described how American students still face the punishment for going to college, equal important, the student loan debt is a highly impacting community of color. According to Louise, student loan debts impact white and communities of color in the USA. On the other hand, communities of color have a high negative impact because of the lack of wealth and economic support with their family. Student debts could link to the lack of social and economic mobility, and since most white families have wealth, even if the young adult ends in debt, the family still can provide support with student loan payment, mortgaged, and other economic support. On the other hand, families of color could have a challenging time contributing to their child’s economic mobility and end with more debt and a long time to eliminate the debt.  

Communities of color are still behind in academic support in the public education system. On my opinion, community of color has fewer resources in school since the early grades, which could impact high school and college. The government punished the most vulnerable communities, with the demonstration of school performances, white children could have more support in school. At home, tutoring, access to art programs, more time with one of the parents at home because this parent can stay at home, all those facts contribute to the learning development of the child. On the other hand, most communities do not have access to tutoring, art programs, and parents might spend less time with the children because low income means more hours in the workforce. Now, everything could change the game if the government eliminated high-performance tests and instated add more programs for kids to improve their learning perform in school and at home. More programs could help close the gap in education between white and communities of color for decades.  

Tania Caldwell  

Urb200  

November 11, 2021  

                     

In the last year, the Black Lives Matter movement became stronger; after the death of George Flood, the media broadcast the encounter of African American men and the police every day. The article “Black Lives and Police Tactic Matter” by Rory Kramer, Brianna Renters, and Camille Charles explained different reasons for the disparity between African Americans and whites with policy every year. Some research shows that African Americans are most likely to be arrested by police. One reason could be that police assume that African Americans are violent, their physical look, or, sadly, encounter policy in poor and high crime neighborhoods. Also, other researchers showed that police and African Americans have more negative interactions because African American men are most likely to be involved in crime compared with white.  

In the podcast “Ruth Wilson Gilmore Make the Case of for Abolition,” Gimore described her point of view of the case that African American communities still face a high level of crime. Also, Gilmore described how those communities could overcome the incarceration by defunding the police and investing those funds in resources that could benefit African American communities. The police had been violently oppressing  African American for centuries, making strong during the Jim Crown era. Although the end of Jim Crown might have reduced the not reasonable arrest with police violence, today, more African American men face police brutality. The system has failed African American communities, which is the leading cause of condensing high crime communities and negative interaction between African Americans and polices. The rehabilitation in jails, governmental institutions such as public housing, environmental justice, and family support continue failing African American communities, where high crime and poverty negatively impact African Americans.   

The roof of crime in the African American community still lacks resources to improve their quality of life. The slavery system has been inherently in the economic and social life of African Americans. Fewer resources are distributed in African American Community which leaves more poverty and crime. Even after an African American man goes to the criminal justice system, the rehabilitation does not positively impact those men after getting out of jail. Today, some activists asked to defend the police. The mass fund that the police department receives every year should have been distributed to African American neighborhoods, schools, colleges, and the health system and it will benefit all.  There should be support for families in poor Neighborhood which can reduce crime. To put more funds into community policing and police training will not eliminate the root of the high crime that still existed in African American communities. The target of the police is African America because police still monitoring those communities, which leave the more arrest in African American communities. More research’s, more programs and more resources should be the solution to end century of inequity in the African American communities.  

Tania Caldwell  

URB200  

Dr. Aptekar  

                                          

In the article “The Inside Story of How Berlin of How Berlin Took on Corporate Landlord and Won,” Ruby Lott- Lavigna explains how the community fought for the right to affordable housing.  According to Lott-Lavigna, Berlin evolved being a city with affordable housing for young people to expensive housing. Organizers and leaders got together and started to fight with the city to take the right to affordable housing. Lott-Lavigna emphasized that corporations and the city-run? have many places to rent, which motivated those organized to fight for a new reform that property owners and tenants should provide affordable housing. The case of Berlin demonstrated that the people could run housing to socialize rent. The people’s fight won and demonstrated that rent could be socialized and be in the power of the people.   

The “What is Zoning” report shows how the city zoning is running by law of how the building could be, what is allowed in the area, and what level a building could be. The report showed how the urban areas have their law of where they can be built and how they can build for decades. In the case of affordable housing, rezoning could be considered and good strategies to build more affordable housing and pass those housing from generation to generation. Urban planners could build more affordable housing and reshape those buildings, something that, according to the report, could not be accepted by the urban developer (The Center for Urban Pedagogy, 2013).  

New York residents could find more affordable housing if urban developers included more affordable housing in their projects. As it shows in Berlin, housing could be more socialized if communities had more power to decide public housing. In New York, the zone laws should be passed by organizations that, with the help of communities, could be the planner for professionals who contribute to the fight for social housing. 

                                                   

  REFERENCES  

Ruby Lott-Lavigna. 2021. “The Inside Story of How

Took On Corporate Landlords and Won.” Vice.September 21, 2021. 

The Center for Urban Pedagogy. 2013. What Is Zoning? Envisioning Development. Guide no. 2. 

Tania Caldwell  

URB200  

November 04, 2021  

                                              Racism and Workplace  

In the United States, workplaces have been a site of the fight for social injustice. During the 60s, social justice movements, such as the Civil Rights movement, fought for the rights of the most vulnerable people in the workplace. Today, many organizations got together and unionized to bring change. One moment in history was the Olympics protest in the 60s against racism in the United States. According to the documentary “the story behind the Olympic protest,” two African American athletes protested peacefully against racism in the United States. Although those athletes might know that they would face the elimination of the USA team for their protection, they saw the Olympics as a platform to protest against the domestic racism that was going on. Similarly, last year, the WNBA put their passion for play and protection in their workplace against police brutality against black men in the street. Both periods of history demonstrated that organizing and protesting social injustice and supporting each other could bring attention and help make a call for change in our society.   

The sport, the media, and the workplace have become the weapon to protect against racial injustices; for decades, we have seen how the sport in the United States had become in a space to bring racial injustices. The example of Muhamad Ali, Jack Robison, and Collin Kaepernick put their side their career to bring the media’s attention. The United States had not demonstrated equality regarding workers’ rights; an example of this, in the Mexico Olympics in the 60s, those black athletes represented their nation. Their nation discriminated against them and inhibited black people’s rights.   

The workplace protects continuing across diverse cultures. The reading “Revolt of the NYC Delivery Workers” by Josh Dzieza showed that the most vulnerable workers could make a change by organizing and supporting each other. In the case of the Delivery workers, the intensive crimes in the metropolitan area, the lack of support by the police motivated those workers to use the medial social platform to bring all the issues that delivery workers faced. The deliveries workers organized and got the attention of politicians to protect against the lack of working conditions and unfair wages because of their immigration status. According to Dzieza, social media such as Facebook helped those workers communicate, meet, and walk into places such as City Hall or the NYPD precincts to protect against the lack of support of the states of policies and working conditions.  

For decades, social struggles such as racism and discrimination in the workplace and outside had changed because leaders were not afraid to fight for social justice. The Olympic protest in Mexico City in the 60s, the WNBA in 2020, and the Deliveries workers show that the workplace could be a place to fight for benefits or wages and those issues that still create inequality in our society. In the case of the delivery workers, the immigration status, the injustice in their wage, the lack of working conditions for deliveries, they put out their problems and show support to each other.  Also, the WNBA protest and the Olympic protest demonstrated that some social struggles could not be a disconnect of labor and the workplace.

   References  

 Josh Dzieza, “Revolt of the NYC Delivery Workers,” Curbed, September 13, 2021. 

“The story behind this iconic Olympics protest,” Vox, July 9, 2020. 

“Nneka Ogwumike talks WNBA’s decision to postpone Wednesday’s games,” ESPN, August 26, 2020. 

 Tania Caldwell  

      URB200  

     October 13, 2021  

                                                             

The article explains how environmental injustices have negatively impacted communities of color. According to the article, low-income people have been impacted by air pollution and hazardous waste placement. African American communities are more likely to be around hazardous chemical waste, which increases air pollution and ill residents in those communities. Most organizations focus on fighting against environmental injustices and get partnerships with local organizations and activists to mobilize environmental concerns and the danger of those hazardous waste sites. One of those organizations is the EJ Movement, which has created partnerships with other organizations and brought politicians. Many Global South nations had been affected by the environmental hazards that the United States had contributed by industrialization. The movement had raised their fight to build protection for communities that were negatively impacted by environmental injustices. 

The podcast “Unleaded” by Abdul Vo explained how Flint’s community faced the harmful effects of using a water system that was not taken care of appropriately and ended up poisoning many families during the Flint Water Crisis. To save some money, the government uses the Flint water system that was not proper for human consumption, including lead, which harm children. The main point of this Abdul and the doctor in charge of this discovery was how the government reacted to this situation and how the government reacted to this issue. According to Dr. Hanna- Attisha, the government response was not expected. The government did not admit that the water was poisoned and did not take responsibility for the crisis.  

 The government involvement in environmental struggles shows that the people of color and low-income communities could be the most negatively impacted by the lack of environmental solutions in poor communities. The Flint Water Crisis shows that the government did not try to take care of the community; even does not caring about children could harm their health forever. For decades, African American communities had been the most impacted by environmental struggles, the hazardous waste, and water polution which still impact millions of American families. The government had failed to protect the rights of the most vulnerable people who true and put their health in their hand. In the case of the Flint Water Crisis, the citizen, true the government that it water would be taken care of by expected who knew that they consumed clean water.  

Pellow, David, and Robert Brulle. 2007. “Poisoning the Planet: The Struggle for Environmental Justice“. 

                                            References  

Listen to: “Unleaded” Episode of America Dissected podcast. November 4, 2019. 

Tania Caldwell  

   URB200  

October 07, 2021 

 

The article Gentrification and Urban Children Well-Being: Tipping the Scales from Problems to Promise” details how gentrification impacts poor children. According to Formoso and Weber, some studies show how Gentrification could positively impact low-income kids. The positive impact could be advanced for the children in the social, academic, and family life. Studies show that children in mixed-income neighborhoods can have more access to mentors, more school resources, and family engagement. Gentrification has caused the displacement of low-income families living in the same environment, lacking community support, education resources, and less parenting engagement in the urban areas.  Formoso and Weber showed that affluent families could bring more public resources; it could help improve the chance of more opportunities to mix-income families to have a better chance of social mobility.  

On the other hand, because of the excessive cost of rent and the livelihood in gentrification areas, low-income families might be forced to live in the areas and find a place where poverty, crime, and the lack of academic and public services resources. It could make it worth the situation for low-income children to focus on education, find mentorship, or have mental health stability (Formoso and Weber, 2010). One of the big problems in poor neighborhood is that children socialize with peers without positive support. Formoso and Weber focus on how Gentrification could change the lives of low-income children and can change parents’ views because they will be able to have more information about school payment and mental health support. Low-income children can find support in more high-income parents with a high level of education and more acknowledged resources to support those families.  

In the article “Working Class Growing Pains” by Jennifer m. Silva, showed different stories about different young adults who described their experience of coming from low-income families and how it could negatively impact the desire to have social mobility. Silva described how children from working-class families struggle after becoming an adult; the lack of financial resources, mentorship, and support from the parents make the chance of social mobility less accessible for working-class children. Silva’s argument demonstrated that living in a neighborhood without community support could impact young adults. In neighborhood, where I do not have support from the community, parents and peers cannot connect, and the public system does not benefit. Children might not find motivation and mentoring that could encourage them to go for an education. Suppose parents can get together and discuss programs that might benefit the children and mentally support those children who face violence. In that case, children might stay in the same line as their parents are, and the lack of information might be why many decided to quick their education and work for a low wage.  

The solution to improve social mobility in poor communities might not be Gentrification. However, I think mix-income could improve the support in the community, better than just low-income neighborhood. To change a community, there must be resources, and families should be forced to leave their birthplace because high-income families arrived. The solution should be that low-income communities should receive support to improve schools, mentorships, and social services that could help improve their livelihood for future children who might want to attend school and have a better quality of life. 

                                               

Reference  

 Formoso, Diana, Rachel N. Weber, and Marc S. Atkins. 2010 “Gentrification and urban childrens well-being: Tipping the scales from problems to promise.” American journal of community psychology 46.3: 395-412. reading guidefor this article. 

Silva, Jennifer. 2014. “Working class growing pains”, Contexts 13(2):26-31.” 

Tania Caldwell  

URB 200  

September 23, 2021 

                                                                     

In the article “How Coronavirus is shaking up the moral universe,” John Authors talks about the different views of people with the situation of the lockdown in the earlies month of the pandemic. Auther explains how the human’s different social behavior as a reaction to these lockdowns could take different theories. It could be a violation of human rights, for others, an individual sacrifice for others. Authors connected the different strategies of government around the world and connected with different philosophies that could explain the behavior and reaction of humans to this lack downs. In other words, the sacrifice of the lack down, the mandated vaccine, or mask could make sense of the sacrifices of others as a community, but it may be an individual sacrifice for others. Auther gives the example of a young lady who did not care about getting Covid, connecting which everybody could choose what they think could be fair in society (Auther,2020). In his article, the author mentions a few philosophies that can explain the different behaviors of humans during this pandemic. First, he brought the philosophy of Rawlsian, a theory of justice, that argued how inequality could be justified; for example, if there is a lack down, many people could be out of their jobs. However, few are going to be outside working such as farmers, delivery. The sacrifice for people stays in the house, and the most vulnerable workers could be outside working to sacrifice their health. There is a justification for workers staying out, risking themself to bring food for those who can afford to stay at home during this period.  

In the reading “The Children and a Flute,” the idea of Justice, Amartya brings the example of how social behavior could lead before different philosophies. In her example, one child claimed that because she is the only one who played flute, it belongs to her; the second child claimed that he deserved the flute because he is too poor. The third child claimed that she had worked hard to the flute; it should be given (Amartya, 2011). These three examples show how society could react, what should be fair for one or not, and organize what justice could be. In other words, the three kids who claimed which one should deserve a flute that they claimed they deserved. All three children can support different thinkers of what should be fair or not, such as egalitarian, libertarian, and utilitarian. Similar to the Covid situation, what the lock what the community justices represent, what might be for one the liberty to get out, for others might be to work as a community such as communitarians, or we all should sacrifice few for others when it comes about justices.   

                                            

REFERENCES  

Auther, John (2020, March 20) How Coronavirus is shaking up the moral universe – The Economic Times. 

Sen, Amartya (2011) “Three Children and a Flute” The Idea of Justice 

Tania Caldwell  

URB200 

September 30, 2021 

                                              

In “The Right To The  City” by David Havey has shown how since the 1880s, urbanization has been linking with capitalism and has caused inequality in most modern cities.  Harvey details how the creation of urban spaces in the cities by getting financial credit support by some institution, and a capital surplus. The urbanization system brought inequality in the housing system, and who could be part of the urbanization privileges, which excluded the low income and working class.  Have shown how African Americans in cities such as New York whereby the end of the 60s, the housing market had not been affordable for them. African Americans started to be excluded of those luxury buildings. One example is today how many of the buildings in Downtown Manhattan are affordable   for the riches. The urbanization system combined with capitalism had created a housing crisis and forced low-income and working-class people to have access not have access to affordable housing. 

In the article, “The Right to the city in the global South?” Marianne Morange and Amandine Spire explained how the global South had been impacted as well with the urbanization big projects, which had brought the exclusion of the working class and low income people  in cities, out displacing those group in the firstworth place and takinge their land to do those big projects. Since the 1800s, there had been discontent by those who opposite the capital surplus, which only benefits the high-income class. Although urbanization has brought a lot of jobs sources, consumption has arising, unaffordable prices to the housing market that is only affordable for the most privileged.   

Both articles, “The Right to the City in the Global South?” and “The Right to The City,” explained how the urbanization system not only created inequality but also raised social movements.   The urbanization system had expanded to the Global South, having the same negative impact on the lower-income class. 

                                                         References 

Read: Harvey, D (2008) “Right to the City” New Left Review  

Morange,  

Marianne and Amandine Spire. (2015) “A Right to the City in the Global South?” Metropolitics